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From studies deemed relevant, the experts found that titanium dioxide as a food additive is poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract of mice and rats, with no adverse effects observed in short-term studies in rodents receiving titanium dioxide in their diets. No observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) of 15,000 milligrams per kilogram of bodyweight (mg/kg BW) per day and 5,000 mg/kg BW per day—the highest doses tested—were established for mice and rats, respectively.

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One of the key factors that affect the precipitation of titanium dioxide is the precipitation percentage, which is the percentage of titanium sulfate that is converted to titanium hydroxide during the reaction. The precipitation percentage is influenced by a variety of factors, including the concentration of titanium sulfate, the pH of the reaction mixture, the temperature, and the reaction time.


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precipitation

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